Pediatric Neurosurgery - Disorders And Types
Pediatric neurosurgery is a specialized branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating brain and nervous system disorders in children, from newborns to teenagers. Since a child's nervous system is still developing, these conditions can be complex and require expert surgical care. Pediatric neurosurgeons use advanced techniques to address issues like birth defects, brain tumors, and injuries, helping children lead healthier lives.
Common Pediatric Neurosurgical Disorders
Spina bifida is a condition where a baby's spine does not develop properly before birth, which can lead to nerve damage and difficulty moving. Chiari malformations happen when part of the brain extends into the spinal canal, affecting movement, balance, and coordination. Craniosynostosis occurs when the skull bones fuse too early, causing an unusual head shape and sometimes limiting brain growth. These conditions often require surgery to fix structural problems and help children live healthier lives.
Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
Medulloblastomas are one of the most common types of cancerous brain tumors in children, often affecting balance and coordination. Gliomas arise from glial cells, which help support nerve function, and can form in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Ependymomas develop in the brain’s ventricles or spinal cord lining, sometimes causing fluid buildup, headaches, and weakness. These tumors are usually treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy, depending on the severity and location of the tumor.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where extra cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collects in the brain’s ventricles, increasing pressure inside the skull. This can cause the head to grow larger than usual and lead to problems like delayed development, trouble with vision, and difficulty with balance. To treat hydrocephalus, doctors may perform surgery to insert a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, which helps drain the excess fluid, or an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), which creates a new pathway for fluid drainage.
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
Some children with severe, drug-resistant epilepsy may require surgical intervention, such as lobectomy, hemispherectomy, or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
Traumatic Brain and Spinal Injuries
Head trauma from accidents, falls, or sports injuries may require surgical treatment to relieve pressure or repair damaged structures.
Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
Neurosurgical interventions like selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) help improve muscle control in children with cerebral palsy.
Types of Pediatric Neurosurgical Procedures
- Minimally Invasive Surgery
- Open Brain Surgery (Craniotomy)
- Spinal Surgery
- Shunt Surgery
- Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Conclusion
Pediatric neurosurgery plays a vital role in treating neurological disorders in children, helping them live healthier lives. Detecting these conditions early and seeking medical care quickly can improve outcomes. If a child has symptoms of a neurological issue, consulting a pediatric neurosurgeon ensures they get the right diagnosis and treatment.
